This article was originally published by Michael Matulef at The Mises Institute.
AI is everywhere now—woven into our workplaces, our devices, and our daily routines—and with its spread comes a rising fear: what happens when there’s no meaningful work left for humans? AI is becoming the silent collaborator behind almost everything we make. Yet its presence creates a new kind of tension: not whether we can use it, but how we should. Regardless of the advancements in AI, the central question does not change: given scarcity, what should you do with your time, and what should you let the tools do?
Some people try to ignore the machine entirely—“Real writers don’t use AI.” Others swing the opposite way, shoveling every task into the model and complaining when the results are flat. Both groups make the same mistake: they think in terms of absolute advantage instead of comparative advantage. Once you look at artificial intelligence as part of how entrepreneurs use tools and equipment to produce things, the whole picture changes. AI stops looking like a rival and starts to show up for what it is—a powerful tool that helps deepen and expand the division of labor.
However powerful the machines become, you still face the same basic constraint: you are limited. You have only so many hours, so much attention, so much energy. Every decision you make is an attempt to move from a state you value less toward one you value more. Choosing one course of action always means leaving another undone. The value of that forgone alternative—the thing you could have done instead—is your opportunity cost. Now add AI to the mix. You still have the same 24 hours, but you also have access to tools that can draft emails, summarize documents, generate code snippets, sketch marketing copy, and filter noise. These tools are not magic. They are ways of rearranging scarce resources—your time, your employer’s capital, server capacity—in the hope of satisfying people’s wants more effectively.
Talk about AI today is saturated with“absolute advantage” thinking. The assumption goes like this: machines process information faster, make fewer mistakes, and cost less to run—so they’ll eventually do everything better than we can. From there, the leap is quick: “If the machine is better at the task, the human will be replaced.” That’s the absolute advantage story. If one producer can do something with fewer inputs—less time, fewer errors, less cost—then it has the advantage. In a world where each task stands alone, it would make sense to let the most efficient agent do everything. But that’s not the world anyone lives in.
Consider a skilled professional working alongside an AI system. The tool can churn out drafts, summaries, or analyses in seconds. It never tires, never hesitates, and rarely misses a step on repetitive work. On an absolute scale, it “wins” at raw production. Does that mean the person should step aside and let the machine take over? Only if you ignore opportunity cost. The individual isn’t just a slower producer. They’re the one who grasps the context—the strategy behind the work, the trade‑offs, the constraints, and the people affected by the outcome. If they spend their time competing with the machine on its easiest tasks, they’re squandering their comparative advantage. That’s why absolute‑advantage language feeds panic: it fixates on where humans lose in a head‑to‑head contest instead of asking what people still do at a lower opportunity cost, given that AI exists.
Comparative advantage shows up wherever the opportunity cost is the lowest. An AI system might complete countless tasks in the time it takes you to finish a few. In absolute terms, that looks like defeat. But if your attention can be directed toward deciding what’s worth doing, how the parts fit together, and why the outcome matters, then letting the machine handle routine work is a better trade. Even if AI seems superior at many specific tasks, it cannot replace the human ability to set aims, make judgments, and shoulder uncertainty. In that sense, AI remains a tool—a powerful one—while humans supply the values and intentions that steer it. The relationship between them is not rivalry but interdependence.
Markets provide the feedback loop that tells us where the balance actually lies. Prices and profits quietly reassign tasks without consulting anyone’s preferences. When people stop paying premium rates for work that can be done just as well and more cheaply by a tool, that’s a signal. It means that task is no longer the human’s comparative advantage, and time should shift to activities where judgment, context, and creativity command a premium. When someone uses AI to handle routine work and finds they can serve more clients or complete more projects without lowering quality, that’s profit—a sign that scarce human attention has been redeployed toward higher‑order tasks. Conversely, when organizations invest heavily in custom AI processes that workers avoid because they slow everything down, the resulting losses are not just financial; they’re signals that comparative advantage was misjudged. The same discovery process that once governed how people used machines now governs how humans and algorithms divide work.
Predictably, the arrival of such a powerful tool revives an old temptation: central planning. Some authorities respond with sweeping prohibitions—no AI for certain tasks, no exceptions. Others do the opposite, requiring everyone to use a sanctioned system for all communications or workflows. In either case, the planner assumes they can know in advance where comparative advantage lies, either freezing the old division of labor or imposing a new one. But no central authority can see how knowledge and skill are dispersed across time and place. One person might use AI to amplify their unique strengths, while another finds it introduces friction and confusion. A single rule collapses these experiments into uniformity. What gets lost is not just efficiency, but the local and often tacit knowledge about what actually works in specific circumstances—knowledge that only surfaces when people, facing uncertainty, are free to adjust how they use their tools. The alternative is decentralized discovery—an open process where individuals, guided by real feedback and incentives, discover for themselves where their comparative advantages sit in a world with AI. Some will rely on it too much; others will resist too long. Over time, experience—not decree—will reveal the balance that serves others best.
For workers, the implication is not comfort but adaptation. A new tool arrives, the landscape of tasks shifts, and your old niche may vanish. Yet comparative advantage suggests there’s almost always another, higher‑value niche waiting—if you’re willing to climb toward the work only you can do. That means asking hard questions. If AI can handle the routine parts of your job, what remains that only you can do cheaply, relative to your alternatives? Are you clinging to low‑value tasks out of habit or fear, when the market is pushing you toward higher‑order roles? When you resist using AI, are you protecting your comparative advantage—or just defending busywork the market has already demoted?
And conversely, when you dump everything into AI, are you freeing yourself for higher‑value tasks, or just abdicating the uniquely human parts of the job: judgment, responsibility, and entrepreneurship? The free market does not guarantee comfort, but it rewards those who find where they can best serve others, given the current state of technology and capital. In that sense, anyone who takes responsibility for how their time and tools are used becomes, in a small way, an entrepreneur—an uncertainty‑bearer. Each choice about what to automate and what to reserve for yourself is a bet on what others will value tomorrow, with gains or losses that only become clear over time.
Civilization itself rests on an extreme division of labor, enabled by property, contract, and prices. As people specialize in what they do best and trade the results, society becomes richer, more complex, and more humane. Used well, AI deepens that division of labor. It removes drudgery, compresses low‑level tasks, and pushes humans toward finer comparative advantages. Used badly—through fear, central planning, or fixation on absolute advantage—it becomes an excuse to freeze work in place or declare people redundant. Both approaches attack the logic of social cooperation. The real lesson is to accept scarcity, respect prices, and seek your comparative advantage in a world where AI is just another tool—not to retreat into a lonely, inefficient attempt to do by hand what your tools could help you transcend.
The challenge, then, isn’t to beat the machines but to learn to work meaningfully alongside them. Every major leap in technology has shifted what counted as valuable work, and this one is no different. What endures is not the particular task but the capacity to judge, to choose, and to care about the outcome. That capacity—the human ability to turn means into purpose—is what anchors progress. AI will keep spreading, but meaning still begins where judgment does: in the mind of the person deciding what is worth doing at all.
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